3D urban models organised in GIS or BIM represent large varieties of digital scenes from outdoors to indoors, by including building interiors, and from above-ground to underground, by including soils and geology, but also tunnels, pipes, and cables.

However, these representations are insufficient for modeling of continuous phenomena in indoor/outdoor open air, underground/geological formations, marine or climate phenomena.

Voxels, being the 3D equivalent of pixels, are a great alternative to vector representations. Voxel data structures offer unification of data types and thereby 3D spatial analytics is largely facilitated. Substances of the same type, concentration, range, are easy to group, relationships are strictly defined, and interpolations and propagation algorithms can be standardised.